C 2016 November 01.Abner et al.Page2009; Melinger and Kita 2007). Finally, gesturing can reduce demand on a speaker’s working memory. When asked to remember an unrelated list of items while explaining how they solved a math problem, speakers are able to maintain more items in verbal working memory (and thus recall more items) when they gesture during the explanation than when they do not gesture. This effect has been found in both children and adults (Goldin-Meadow, Nusbaum, Kelly and Wagner 2001). An interesting avenue of research has also explored the comparison between gesture and action. This research has found that gesture is unique both in its coordination with speech and in its cognitive and communicative functions (see Kelly, Manning, and Rodak 2008 for discussion, as well as more recent work by Goldin-Meadow and Beilock 2010; Church, Kelly, and Holcombe 2014; Kelly et al. 2015; and Novack et al. 2014). This, too, confirms the special relationship between language and gesture and reveals that this relationship cannot be reduced to the attention or activation associated with increased motoric activity.Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript6. ConclusionSince the birth of linguistics as an independent discipline, gesture has been considered a marginal topic, if it has been considered a topic at all. Yet as more and more connections between language and gesture are discovered, scholars in the cognitive sciences are beginning to acknowledge the fundamental unity of language and gesture and to study the two together as a tightly integrated system for communication. This step does not necessarily mean that gesture is part of the “grammar” inside speakers’ heads (see GoldinMeadow and Brentari 2015 for discussion). It may mean, however, that gesture merits consideration in those hefty written grammars that we mentioned in the introduction (see Seyfeddinipur 2012 for practical information on how to go about Vesnarinone site including gesture in linguistic fieldwork). Exactly what the role of gesture will be in linguistics in the coming decades remains to be seen. We suggest that this role can be determined only after AprotininMedChemExpress Aprotinin careful consideration of the structure of gesture and its ties to language. Our bet is that the rich structure of gesture and its multi-faceted, intimate relations to language will compel future generations of linguists to keep their eyes, and not just their ears, open.AcknowledgmentsWe thank our colleagues for fruitful discussion of these and other topics as well as the editors and anonymous reviewers who provided valuable feedback and suggestions. Research reported in this publication was supported by NICHD of the National Institutes of Health under award numbers R01HD47450 and P0140605. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.Work citedAlibali MW. Gesture in spatial cognition: expressing, communicating, and thinking about spatial information. Spatial Cognition and Computation. 2005; 5(4):307?1. Alibali MW, Evans JL, Hostetter AB, Ryan K, Mainela-Arnold E. Gesture peech integration in narrative: are children less redundant than adults? Gesture. 2009; 9(3):290?11. [PubMed: 26740817] Alibali MW, Flevares L, Goldin-Meadow S. Assessing knowledge conveyed in gesture: do teachers have the upper hand? Journal of Educational Psychology. 1997; 89:183?3.Lang Linguist Compass. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2.C 2016 November 01.Abner et al.Page2009; Melinger and Kita 2007). Finally, gesturing can reduce demand on a speaker’s working memory. When asked to remember an unrelated list of items while explaining how they solved a math problem, speakers are able to maintain more items in verbal working memory (and thus recall more items) when they gesture during the explanation than when they do not gesture. This effect has been found in both children and adults (Goldin-Meadow, Nusbaum, Kelly and Wagner 2001). An interesting avenue of research has also explored the comparison between gesture and action. This research has found that gesture is unique both in its coordination with speech and in its cognitive and communicative functions (see Kelly, Manning, and Rodak 2008 for discussion, as well as more recent work by Goldin-Meadow and Beilock 2010; Church, Kelly, and Holcombe 2014; Kelly et al. 2015; and Novack et al. 2014). This, too, confirms the special relationship between language and gesture and reveals that this relationship cannot be reduced to the attention or activation associated with increased motoric activity.Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript6. ConclusionSince the birth of linguistics as an independent discipline, gesture has been considered a marginal topic, if it has been considered a topic at all. Yet as more and more connections between language and gesture are discovered, scholars in the cognitive sciences are beginning to acknowledge the fundamental unity of language and gesture and to study the two together as a tightly integrated system for communication. This step does not necessarily mean that gesture is part of the “grammar” inside speakers’ heads (see GoldinMeadow and Brentari 2015 for discussion). It may mean, however, that gesture merits consideration in those hefty written grammars that we mentioned in the introduction (see Seyfeddinipur 2012 for practical information on how to go about including gesture in linguistic fieldwork). Exactly what the role of gesture will be in linguistics in the coming decades remains to be seen. We suggest that this role can be determined only after careful consideration of the structure of gesture and its ties to language. Our bet is that the rich structure of gesture and its multi-faceted, intimate relations to language will compel future generations of linguists to keep their eyes, and not just their ears, open.AcknowledgmentsWe thank our colleagues for fruitful discussion of these and other topics as well as the editors and anonymous reviewers who provided valuable feedback and suggestions. Research reported in this publication was supported by NICHD of the National Institutes of Health under award numbers R01HD47450 and P0140605. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.Work citedAlibali MW. Gesture in spatial cognition: expressing, communicating, and thinking about spatial information. Spatial Cognition and Computation. 2005; 5(4):307?1. Alibali MW, Evans JL, Hostetter AB, Ryan K, Mainela-Arnold E. Gesture peech integration in narrative: are children less redundant than adults? Gesture. 2009; 9(3):290?11. [PubMed: 26740817] Alibali MW, Flevares L, Goldin-Meadow S. Assessing knowledge conveyed in gesture: do teachers have the upper hand? Journal of Educational Psychology. 1997; 89:183?3.Lang Linguist Compass. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2.