Distinction among males and females. Participants described their parent’s marital status as 62 married, 7 single, 19 divorced, and 12 separated. When living at household, 78 of participants reported living with their mothers, 68 living with fathers, 13 living with grandparent(s), and 11 living with yet another relative. A total of 72 self-identified as members in the Yup’ik Alaska Native cultural linguistic group, followed by Inupiat (21 ), Athabaskan (11 ), Aleut/Alutiq (six ), and Tlingit/Haida (four ). Some men and women identified with two or a lot more ethnic categories. Measures Item pool Adult Self-Mastery: Pearlin et al. (1981) originally developed the Mastery scale as an adult measure of personal sense of manage in overcoming life difficulties. The scale consists of seven things rated on a four-point Likert-type scale, assessing the extent to which individuals perceive themselves as possessing control more than the circumstances that impact their lives. Representative products consist of “I can do just about something I truly set my thoughts to,” and “What occurs to me within the future mostly is determined by me.” Internal consistency reported by Hobfoll, Jackson, et al. (2002) was = .72. Adult Communal Mastery: The Communal Mastery scale (Jackson, McKenzie, Hobfoll, 2000) is actually a 10-item measure itself originally adapted from the Mastery Scale (Pearlin et al., 1981) along with the Self-Efficacy Scale (Schwarzer, 1993) to measure coping methods from a a lot more collectivist orientation. Representative items involve “Working with each other with Ro4402257 household and friends I can solve lots of issues I have,” and “What happens to me within the future depends upon my capability to work effectively with other individuals,” to which men and women respond on a fourpoint Likert scale. Internal consistency for this scale was = .74 (Hobfoll, Jackson, et al., 2002). We adapted these mastery measures for youth. Validity measures Youth Community Help: The Youth Neighborhood Help scale is a three-item subscale adapted from the People’s Awakening Yup’ik Protective Aspects scale for adults (Allen et al., 2006). The Youth Neighborhood Help scale taps youth perceptions regarding the presence and extent of support as a protective factors readily available to young people from the neighborhood in general, outside of household and friendship. Representative products incorporate “People PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2105157 assistance me” and “People are offered to me for tips.”NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptPsychol Assess. Author manuscript; obtainable in PMC 2013 June 01.Fok et al.PageReligious Involvement: Youth’s level of involvement with formal religion was assessed via two things. On one item the youth rated the importance of church in their life as not at all, somewhat, or genuinely critical, and on a second item, youth rated church attendance by means of certainly one of 5 radio buttons, as less than once a year, 1? instances a year, 1? occasions a month, three? instances a month, or at the very least when per week. Alaska Native Cultural Identification: The Alaska Native Cultural Identification scale is an eight-item scale adapted from the item set with the Orthogonal Cultural Identification scale (Oetting Beauvais, 1990?991), a approach of assessment of bicultural identities among ethnic minority youth. The Alaska Native Cultural Identification scale makes use of two item stems, worded using descriptors our focus group perform discovered locally understandable: “How considerably you live by or adhere to the [Native/White American] way of life?” and “How a great deal do you speak [Native language/English]?” Since.