Difference between males and females. Participants described their parent’s marital status as 62 married, 7 single, 19 divorced, and 12 separated. When living at home, 78 of participants reported living with their mothers, 68 living with fathers, 13 living with grandparent(s), and 11 living with an additional relative. A total of 72 self-identified as members in the Yup’ik Alaska Native cultural linguistic group, followed by Inupiat (21 ), Athabaskan (11 ), Aleut/Alutiq (six ), and Tlingit/Haida (4 ). Some individuals identified with two or much more ethnic categories. Measures Item pool Adult Self-Mastery: Pearlin et al. (1981) originally developed the Mastery scale as an adult measure of private sense of control in overcoming life issues. The scale consists of seven items rated on a four-point Likert-type scale, assessing the extent to which people perceive themselves as getting control more than the situations that influence their lives. Representative things involve “I can do just about something I actually set my thoughts to,” and “What happens to me within the future mainly is dependent upon me.” Internal consistency reported by Hobfoll, Jackson, et al. (2002) was = .72. Adult Communal Mastery: The Communal Mastery scale (Jackson, McKenzie, Hobfoll, 2000) is often a 10-item measure itself initially adapted in the Mastery Scale (Pearlin et al., 1981) and also the Self-Efficacy Scale (Schwarzer, 1993) to measure coping techniques from a a lot more collectivist orientation. Representative items include things like “Working collectively with family and good friends I can resolve many issues I’ve,” and “What takes place to me within the future depends upon my potential to function nicely with other folks,” to which folks respond on a fourpoint Likert scale. Internal consistency for this scale was = .74 (Hobfoll, Jackson, et al., 2002). We adapted these mastery measures for youth. Validity measures Youth Neighborhood Assistance: The Youth Neighborhood Support scale can be a three-item subscale adapted in the People’s Awakening Yup’ik Protective Components scale for adults (Allen et al., 2006). The Youth Community Support scale taps youth perceptions concerning the presence and extent of help as a protective aspects accessible to young people from the neighborhood normally, outside of family and friendship. Representative products include things like “People Lp-PLA2 -IN-1 web PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2105157 help me” and “People are accessible to me for guidance.”NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptPsychol Assess. Author manuscript; out there in PMC 2013 June 01.Fok et al.PageReligious Involvement: Youth’s level of involvement with formal religion was assessed via two products. On 1 item the youth rated the value of church in their life as not at all, somewhat, or really essential, and on a second item, youth rated church attendance through one of 5 radio buttons, as significantly less than after a year, 1? occasions a year, 1? instances a month, three? times a month, or at least once a week. Alaska Native Cultural Identification: The Alaska Native Cultural Identification scale is definitely an eight-item scale adapted in the item set with the Orthogonal Cultural Identification scale (Oetting Beauvais, 1990?991), a approach of assessment of bicultural identities among ethnic minority youth. The Alaska Native Cultural Identification scale uses two item stems, worded making use of descriptors our focus group work discovered locally understandable: “How a lot you reside by or follow the [Native/White American] way of life?” and “How substantially do you speak [Native language/English]?” Mainly because.