Istance gene we detected (blaVIM-1) is uncommon in France, exactly where it triggered only 5 in the reported infections on account of carbapenem-resistant enterobacteria, the OXA-48- and OXA-48-like genes getting probably the most frequent within the nation (74 ) (INVS 2014). blaVIM-1 is definitely an integron-borne metallo–lactamase gene which was initially reported in Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Italy in 1996 (Lauretti et al., 1999). It encodes for any class B carbapenemase which also hydrolyzes all -lactams except monobactams, and evades all -lactamase inhibitors. VIM-1-bearing bacteria have already been reported from clinical samples in Greece even though they’re beginning to spread in southwestern Europe, notably in Spain and Italy, while France appears, for now, to become less impacted (Canton et al., 2012; Mathlouthi et al., 2016). The phylogenetic analyses performed applying phylotyping and three types of genetic markers (SNP, MLST and VNTR) clearly showed that yellow-legged gulls, slender-billed gulls, and humans share precisely the same pool of E. coli strains. Our results confirm that E. coli exchanges are frequent among gulls and humans, as was previously demonstrated within the region (Bonnedahl et al., 2009). The occurrence of such exchanges highlights the potential danger of purchase 4-Hydroxy-TEMPO resistance spreading from gulls to humans (Stedt et al., 2014). VIM-1-containing E. coli are closely connected to carbapenemsusceptible strains isolated from the two gull species and humans. Nonetheless, their group could be distinguished in the susceptible group via two genetic traits. 1st, PCR phylotyping showed that the 92 strains we studied incorporated bacteria belonging to eight phylogroups. No phylogroup was significantly extra present than other people in susceptible strains. By contrast, phylogroup A, to which some susceptible strains also belong, represented 81.8 from the VIM-1-bearing E. coli. The association in between some phylogroups and antimicrobial resistance patterns is for now poorly understood. Nevertheless, numerous research have already highlighted that phylogroup A E. coli are over-represented within resistant strains isolated in France (Smati et al., 2013), such as chromosomal AmpC -lactamase overproducers carried by humans (Corvec et al., 2007) also as ESBL E. coli detected in cattle (Valat et al., 2012) and ampicillin-resistant isolates from pigs (Bibbal, Dupouy, Pr e, Toutain, Bousquet-M ou, 2009). Additional research are nonetheless required to determine if E. coli belonging to phylogroup A are more most likely to obtain antimicrobial resistances and why. Carbapenem-resistant strains tended to be less diverse than susceptible ones as outlined by VNTR and SNP analysis. This decrease diversity is consistent together with the larger selection pressure, potentially linked with antimicrobial molecule presence, resulting in sturdy bottlenecks that happen to be expected to possess contributed to the emergence of resistant strains. This suggests that the resistance was not too long ago acquired by the bacteria we isolated or that a selection stress favored the expansion of a preexistent clone. We report right here the second isolation worldwide of carbapenemresistant enterobacteria from wild birds as well as the first detection in4| DISCUSSIONWe highlighted the presence of VIM-1 carbapenem-resistant E. coli strains in yellow-legged gulls in southern France. Our benefits confirm that gulls represent a bird group that frequently carries antimicrobialresistant bacteria, as was previously shown in several research PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21099360 (e.g., C ek, Dolejsk? Karp kov? Ddicov? Liter , 2007; Hasan, Melhus, Sa.