Chased from Sigma-Aldrich. Di-sodium hydrogen phosphateGamero-Quijano et al., Sci. Adv. 7, eabg
Chased from Sigma-Aldrich. Di-sodium hydrogen phosphateGamero-Quijano et al., Sci. Adv. 7, eabg4119 (2021) five NovemberSCIENCE ADVANCES | Investigation ARTICLESnell’s law (TFT sin 1 = H 2O sin two; where TFT = 1.414, H2O = 1.330, and 2 is assumed to be 90. The light source (Xe lamp HPX-2000, Ocean Optics) was guided by an optical fiber with a 200-m core (Newport) and focused around the water-TFT interface through plano-convex (Thorlabs) and achromatic lenses (Newport); see Fig. 6. All lenses had been placed at their confocal lengths. The longer wavelengths ( 700 nm) were cut by a Hot Mirror (Thorlabs) to avoid heating from the interfacial region. The reflected light was focused onto an optical fiber with a 1500 mm core (Thorlabs). The absorption spectra had been PKCθ Activator MedChemExpress recorded by a Maya 2000Pro (Ocean Optics). In situ parallel beam UV/Vis absorbance spectroscopy The spectrometer used was a USB 2000 Fiber Optic Spectrometer (Ocean Optics). The light supply that was a DH-2000-BAL deuteriumhalogen (Ocean Optics) was guided by means of the optical fiber of 600 m in diameter (Ocean Optics, USA). The light beam was collimated utilizing optical lenses (Thorlabs; focal length, 2 cm) prior to and following the transmission of the beam via the electrochemical cell. The light beam passed by means of the electrochemical cell slightly above the water-TFT interface, i.e., via the aqueous phase. w The interfacial Galvani potential difference ( o ) was controlled using an Autolab PGSTAT204 potentiostat (Metrohm, Switzerland). Differential capacitance measurements AC voltammetry was performed inside a four-electrode electrochemical cell. Differential capacitance was calculated in the interfacial admittance recorded applying an Autolab FRA32M module in combination together with the Autolab PGSTAT204 at a frequency of 5 Hz and root imply square amplitude of 5 mV. The scan path was from unfavorable toward much more positive potentials, from ca. -0.3 to +0.55 V. Double possible step chronoamperometry DPSCA experiments have been performed inside a four-electrode electrochemical cell in conjunction with all the in situ parallel beam UV/vis absorbance spectroscopy setup described vide supra. The initial pow tential step was held at o = +0.four V for 10 s. The second potential w step was unfavorable and held at o = -0.three V for ten s. This double prospective step was repeated 300 occasions, and one UV/vis spectrum was recorded inside every single cycle. Confocal fluorescence microscopy Samples had been imaged on an TXB2 Inhibitor Gene ID ImageXpress Micro Confocal High-Content Imaging Program (Molecular Devices) with 20X S Plan Apo-objective. Confocal Raman spectroscopy Raman spectra were collected applying a Renishaw Invia Qontor confocal Raman spectrometer (excitation = 532 nm) in static mode (2400 grooves/mm). Due to vibrations on the liquid-liquid interface, and to sustain an excellent concentrate throughout the whole scan, the static mode was preferred to acquire Raman spectra more than the synchroscan mode. Static mode allowed faster scan over the 650 to 1800 cm-1 area of interest. In typical, 10 to 15 s was necessary to record a full Raman spectrum.Fig. 6. UV/vis-TIR experimental setup. (Top rated) Image on the visible light beam undergoing total internal reflection at a water-TFT interface. Photo credit: Alonso Gamero-Quijano (University of Limerick, Ireland). (Bottom) Optical setup for in situ UV/vis absorbance measurements in total internal reflection (UV/vis-TIR). (1) Xe light source (Ocean optics HPX-2000), (two) neutral density (ND) filter, (three) Ultraviolet fused silica (UVFS) oated pl.