-DIMs in cells after loss of NR4A1. Athymic nude mice bearing ACHN cells as xenografts were treated with 30 mg/kg/d DIM-C-pPhOH and tumor volumes were determined. Results are means SE for at least 3 separate determinations and significantly decreased growth/volume is indicated. Significant attenuation of C-DIM-induced growth or luciferase activity or after transfection with siNR4A1 is also indicated. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0128308.g001 3 / 17 Inhibition of Renal Cell Adenocarcinoma by NR4A1 Antagonists Genetex Biolegend Western blot analysis Cells were MedChemExpress Danoprevir seeded and subsequently treated with varying concentrations of DIM-C-pPhOH or DIM-C-pPhCO2Me for 24 hr or transfected with 100 nM siNR4A1 for 72 hr, and whole cell lysates were analyzed PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19710468 by western blot analysis essentially as described using -actin as the loading control. ACHN RCC cells were plated on 12-well plates at 5 x 104 cells per well in DMEM supplemented with 2.5% charcoal-stripped FBS. After 24 hr, various amounts of DNA were cotransfected into each well by Lipofectamine 2000 reagent according to the manufacturer’s protocol. After 6 hr of transfection, cells were treated with 2.5% stripped DMEM containing either DMSO, DIM-C-pPhOH or DIM-CpPhCO2Me for 18 hr. Cells were then analyzed for luciferase activity as previously described. Ethics Statement Animal Care and Maintenance: The Animal Use Protocol was approved by the Texas A&M University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Mice were housed in the Laboratory Animal Resources and Research Facility approved by the Texas A&M University IACUC at Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, and were attended by an animal care group and veterinarian. Comfort: Necessary steps were taken to minimize the pain and discomfort of all animals utilized in PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19709857 these studies. A scruff hold or gentle manual restraint was utilized to restrain mice for all procedures. Euthanasia: The mice were euthanized by asphyxiation. This method is consistent with recommendations of the Panel of Euthanasia of the American Veterinary Medical Association. Orthotopic xenograft model Male athymic nude mice were purchased from Harlan and housed under specific pathogen-free conditions. ACHN cells in Matrigel were injected into the flanks of individual mice and after 7 days when 4 / 17 Inhibition of Renal Cell Adenocarcinoma by NR4A1 Antagonists tumors were palpable, mice were randomized into two groups and dosed by oral gavage with either corn oil or DIM-C-pPhOH for 50 days. The mice were weighed, and tumor size was measured twice a week 
with calipers to permit calculation of tumor volumes, VLW2/2, where L and W were length and width. Tumor lysates were obtained and analyzed for protein expression by western blots. Statistical analysis Statistical significance of differences between the treatment groups was determined by student’s t test. The results are expressed as means with error bars representing 95% confidence intervals for 3 experiments for each group unless otherwise indicated, and a P value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. All statistical tests were 2-sided. Results NR4A1 antagonists inhibit RCC cell proliferation and induce apoptosis Fig 1A summarizes the growth-promoting and survival pathways that can be targeted by NR4A1 antagonists in lung, pancreatic and colon cancer cells, and this study investigates these pathways in RCC cells and the role of C-DIM/NR4A1 antagonists as inhibitors of these pathways. ACHN and 786-O RCC cell