e itself. Finally, patients with psychotic symptoms or at least AN-related delusional aspects might have benefited from the antipsychotic properties of aripiprazole. In fact, it is noteworthy that psychotic features occur in 1 out 5 cases of AN with delusional thinking correlating with drive-for-thinness but not with other indexes of illness severity, including BMI. Given the potential clinical implications of this finding, further studies may want to better investigate such encouraging data. With respect to general psychopathology, both augmentation agents did not result as more effective than SSRIs alone in reducing 
anxiety; olanzapine showed only a trend towards a more beneficial result on depression when compared to SSRIs. Again, the SSRIs group was significantly less anxious and depressed than ARI and OLA. Therefore, the use of AAs could be in line with treatment principles that PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19784585 are applied to other psychiatry disorders. In such cases, augmentation with AAs is a therapeutic option in case of scarce or only partial response to SSRIs and it may be of some help with comorbid conditions in AN as well. On the contrary, specific effects failed to emerge in this 9 / 12 Atypical Antipsychotics in Anorexia Nervosa sample and our hypothesis was not confirmed in this regard although baseline differences should be borne in mind when interpreting these results. Still, our findings are only partially in line with previous studies reporting olanzapine to be effective on depression and anxiety. Nevertheless, previous work focused on outpatients and olanzapine was not used as an augmentation agent; this is of importance since SSRIs could modify the antidepressant effect of olanzapine in monotherapy. On the other hand, the dearth of clinical studies on aripiprazole makes it difficult to compare our data with the current literature. Some limitations should be acknowledged. First, a retrospective design was adopted and the groups were not randomized; as a result, clinical severity was not homogeneous across groups. Relatedly, some differences with respect to eating symptomatology emerged. Still, no self-report instruments were adopted and both time and dose were flexible. Moreover, length of treatment may impact medication effects; namely, the effects of AAs could be overestimated given their more rapid action when compared to SSRIs. Finally, olanzapine and aripiprazole were slightly unmatched as regards equivalent doses; however, the latter were established according to the literature on the spectrum of psychotic disorders so differences may exist for AN. In closing, we found aripiprazole to be mostly effective in reducing eating psychopathology, namely eating-related preoccupations and MedChemExpress LOXO 101 rituals, on a sample of inpatients diagnosed with AN. Aripiprazole did not differ instead from either SSRIs as stand-alone therapy or olanzapine as augmentation agent of SSRIs in either weight gain or improvement of eating symptomatology and general psychopathology. Future double blind randomized controlled trials are warranted to confirm these novel and promising preliminary data on the use of augmentation strategies in AN. Moreover, as recently proposed, research should also endeavor to identify PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19784385 what subgroups of patients could benefit more from AA augmentation. ~~ ~~ Inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate plays a central role in calcium signaling. Its production is catalyzed by phospholipase C enzymes activated through receptor stimulation. Measurements of InsP3 kinetics for