E [17], [18]. A major UPR upregulated target protein is the glucose regulated protein 78 kDa (GRP78). GRP78 is involved in many cellular processes, including translocation of newly ML-281 synthesized polypeptides across the ER membrane, folding and assembly of newly synthesized proteins,ER- Pathway is Involved in PTSD-Induced Apoptosismaintenance of these proteins in a state competent for subsequent folding and oligomerization, and regulation of Ca2+ homeostasis [19], [20]. In addition to its chaperone function, GRP78 is a key regulator of ER stress transducers. GRP78 binds PERK, IRE1 and ATF6 and inhibits their activation in non-stressed cells [21]. 15481974 Upon ER stress and accumulation of unfolded proteins in the ER, these molecules are released from GRP78 and become activated to control transcription, translation, and apoptosis. Recent studies have revealed that GRP78 is anti-apoptotic and plays critical cytoprotective roles in 16574785 neurodegenerative diseases [10], [22]. Caspases, a family of cysteine-dependent aspartate-specific proteases, are critical mediators of apoptosis. Fourteen members of the caspase family have been identified and shown to be widely expressed in a variety of tissues and cell types. Caspases normally exist in cells as proenzymes, which may be activated through recruitment into activating complexes or direct proteolytic cleavage by another caspase [23]. Among the caspase family members, caspase-12 is a key signal involved in ER stress-induced apoptosis. Caspase-12 is localized on the cytoplasmic side of the ER. It is also specifically activated in cells treated with ER stressagents, but not in cells treated with death cytokines or intrinsic apoptotic stimuli. It has been shown that cells from caspase-12 deficient mice are resistant to apoptosis triggered by the known ER stress agents [17]. Calcium (Ca2+), one of the key elements of apoptotic signalling pathways [24], is a universal signaling molecule regulating many aspects of cellular function. Dysregulation of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis results in the activation of apoptotic pathways [24]. Calmodulin (CaM) is the major Ca2+ sensor in nonmuscle cells [25] and signaling involving calmodulin has been implicated in apoptosis [26]. Different signaling mechanisms downstream of CaM is involved in various types of apoptotic responses, including pathways involving calcineurin, DAP kinase and calmodulin kinases. Calmodulin-dependent Kinase IIa (CaMKIIa) has been found to be both pro-apoptotic [27] and anti-apoptotic in different studies. When the Ca2+ concentration increases, Ca2+, calmodulin (CaM) and CaM kinase IIa (CaMKIIa) combine together to form the Ca2+ -CaM-CaMKIIa signaling pathway, which is important in the plasticity of the MedChemExpress Lecirelin central nervous system, learning and memory, behavior and other types of cognitive activities. In the present study, we mainly focused on three important indicators in the endoplasmic reticulum pathway: GRP 78, Caspase-12 and Ca2+/CaM/CaMKIIa, to examine the SPSinduced apoptosis in the hippocampus involved in endoplasmic reticulum pathway.Materials and Methods Animal Model Preparation and GroupingA total of 100 male Wistar rats (8?0 weeks, 150?80 g) were randomly divided into four groups: a control group, SPS groups examined on day 1 (1-day), day 4 (4-day) and day 7 (7-day). The control rats remained in their home cages with no handling for 7 days and were sacrificed at the same time as the SPS groups. The SPS rats underwent the SPS procedure on the f.E [17], [18]. A major UPR upregulated target protein is the glucose regulated protein 78 kDa (GRP78). GRP78 is involved in many cellular processes, including translocation of newly synthesized polypeptides across the ER membrane, folding and assembly of newly synthesized proteins,ER- Pathway is Involved in PTSD-Induced Apoptosismaintenance of these proteins in a state competent for subsequent folding and oligomerization, and regulation of Ca2+ homeostasis [19], [20]. In addition to its chaperone function, GRP78 is a key regulator of ER stress transducers. GRP78 binds PERK, IRE1 and ATF6 and inhibits their activation in non-stressed cells [21]. 15481974 Upon ER stress and accumulation of unfolded proteins in the ER, these molecules are released from GRP78 and become activated to control transcription, translation, and apoptosis. Recent studies have revealed that GRP78 is anti-apoptotic and plays critical cytoprotective roles in 16574785 neurodegenerative diseases [10], [22]. Caspases, a family of cysteine-dependent aspartate-specific proteases, are critical mediators of apoptosis. Fourteen members of the caspase family have been identified and shown to be widely expressed in a variety of tissues and cell types. Caspases normally exist in cells as proenzymes, which may be activated through recruitment into activating complexes or direct proteolytic cleavage by another caspase [23]. Among the caspase family members, caspase-12 is a key signal involved in ER stress-induced apoptosis. Caspase-12 is localized on the cytoplasmic side of the ER. It is also specifically activated in cells treated with ER stressagents, but not in cells treated with death cytokines or intrinsic apoptotic stimuli. It has been shown that cells from caspase-12 deficient mice are resistant to apoptosis triggered by the known ER stress agents [17]. Calcium (Ca2+), one of the key elements of apoptotic signalling pathways [24], is a universal signaling molecule regulating many aspects of cellular function. Dysregulation of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis results in the activation of apoptotic pathways [24]. Calmodulin (CaM) is the major Ca2+ sensor in nonmuscle cells [25] and signaling involving calmodulin has been implicated in apoptosis [26]. Different signaling mechanisms downstream of CaM is involved in various types of apoptotic responses, including pathways involving calcineurin, DAP kinase and calmodulin kinases. Calmodulin-dependent Kinase IIa (CaMKIIa) has been found to be both pro-apoptotic [27] and anti-apoptotic in different studies. When the Ca2+ concentration increases, Ca2+, calmodulin (CaM) and CaM kinase IIa (CaMKIIa) combine together to form the Ca2+ -CaM-CaMKIIa signaling pathway, which is important in the plasticity of the central nervous system, learning and memory, behavior and other types of cognitive activities. In the present study, we mainly focused on three important indicators in the endoplasmic reticulum pathway: GRP 78, Caspase-12 and Ca2+/CaM/CaMKIIa, to examine the SPSinduced apoptosis in the hippocampus involved in endoplasmic reticulum pathway.Materials and Methods Animal Model Preparation and GroupingA total of 100 male Wistar rats (8?0 weeks, 150?80 g) were randomly divided into four groups: a control group, SPS groups examined on day 1 (1-day), day 4 (4-day) and day 7 (7-day). The control rats remained in their home cages with no handling for 7 days and were sacrificed at the same time as the SPS groups. The SPS rats underwent the SPS procedure on the f.