t alleles for either Pds5A or Pds5B genes by insertion of loxP sites flanking either exon 6 in Pds5A or exons 45 in Pds5B. Elimination of these exons leads 
to premature termination of translation and produces truncated proteins lacking HEAT repeats that are unlikely to be functional. In both cases, crosses with mice ubiquitously expressing the Cre recombinase generated heterozygous animals that were viable and fertile. However, homozygous progeny from subsequent backcrosses of heterozygous mice for either null allele was not obtained, indicating that both genes are individually required for embryonic development. Embryonic lethality occurs at late post-implantation stages. Only 4% of Pds5A and 14% of Pds5B embryos from litters extracted between E16.5 and 18.5 carried homozygous null alleles compared to the expected 25%. Pds5A-deficient embryos that survived to these late stages of development were noticeably smaller than their wild-type littermates and histological analysis revealed multiple anomalies in organogenesis. Late-stage Pds5B-deficient embryos were also smaller, but showed less severe defects. Western blot analysis of fibroblasts obtained from E12.5 embryos homozygous for either knockout allele confirmed the absence of the corresponding protein and further revealed that lack of one Pds5 protein does not affect the levels of the other or of cohesin. Finally, we observed that both Pds5A null and Pds5B null cells proliferate more slowly than wildtype cells, the defect being more pronounced for Pds5A. Cell-cycle profiling reveals no major differences although Peretinoin price asynchronous cultures of Pd5A null MEFs usually present a larger fraction of G1 cells and a smaller fraction of cells in S phase. Taken together, our results & 2013 European Molecular Biology Organization Pds5B is required for cohesion establishment and Aurora B accumulation M Carretero et al regions difficult to replicate, like the telomeres or the fragile sites. Defective telomere replication results in irregularly shaped or multimeric signals upon hybridization with a telomeric repeat probe, a phenotype known as telomere fragility. Fragile sites generate breaks visible in mitotic chromosomes following exposure to a low dose of aphidicolin. We have previously shown that in the absence of cohesin or Sororin both telomere fragility and PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19811088 fragile site expression are increased. Thus, we used these two assays to evaluate telomere and arm cohesion more globally than with the FISH assay in the Pds5-deficient MEFs. Telomere fragility was similar in wild-type, Pds5A null, or Pds5B null MEFs but it increased in the absence of both Pds5 proteins, although to a lesser extent than in the SA1 null MEFS, which served as a positive control. Similarly, a lack of Pds5A or & 2013 European Molecular Biology Organization Pds5B is required for cohesion establishment and Aurora B accumulation M Carretero et al Pds5B had a modest effect in the appearance of chromosome breaks in metaphase cells that had been treated with a low dose of aphidicolin, but the effect increased considerably when both Pds5 proteins were reduced. From these results, we conclude that both Pds5A and Pds5B contribute to telomere and arm cohesion. Pds5B ablation leads to centromeric cohesion defects We next examined chromosome morphology in metaphase chromosome spreads. Pds5B null MEFs displayed pronounced centromeric cohesion defects with 460% of the & 2013 European Molecular Biology Organization metaphases from Pds5B null cell