C Interview-Revised (ADI-R; Lord, Storoschuk, Rutter, Pickles, 1993) and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS; Lord, Rutter, DiLavore, Risi, 2001), had no significant physical disabilities, and parent and child were available for follow-up assessments (e.g., not international residents). A total of 86 parent-child dyads enrolled in the study. Children were on average 31.5 months. See Table 1 for participant characteristics. A random numbers list was used to randomize participants. Participants were randomized to one of two treatment conditions ASPER-Parent-mediated or Psychoeducational Intervention (PEI) ?in addition to the 30-hour early intervention program. Randomization and analyses were conducted by an independent data-coordinating center. Testing for the success of randomization showed that the two groups were matched on demographics (Table 1) except for age of entry, in which the JASPER group, with an average entry age of 31 months, was statistically significantly younger than the PEI group with an average entry age of 32 months. Three dyads discontinued treatment and another ten did not complete followup assessments. See Participant Flow Chart in Figure 1. Due to the intensity of the EI program, families discontinued outside early intervention services during the 10-week program. During the follow-up period all children continued early intervention services. A large percentage (76 ) maintained full time services (>=30 hrs per week). There was no significant difference in service utilization between the JASPER Group (73 ) and the PEI Group (79 , p=.56) during the follow-up period. Interventions Each intervention model involved one hour of interventionist contact per week. Psychoeducational Intervention (PEI; Brereton Tonge, 2005)–The aim of the PEI intervention is to provide individual education and support to parents of young children with autism. This intervention provided 1:1 interventionist meetings with the parents in informational sessions of 1 hour per week for 10 weeks. Sessions covered specific topics each week and parents were able to ask questions specific to their own child’s development order Lixisenatide directly with their therapist. The content of the manualized intervention included information on autism, details of specific behavioral impairments, principles of managing behavior, strategies for teaching new skills, improving social interaction and communication, service availability, managing parental stress, and sibling, family, and community responses to autism. JASPER Parent-mediated model–The JASPER model included the parent and his/her child for one hour per week for 10 weeks (2 sessions of 30 Fruquintinib site minutes per week) with activeJ Consult Clin Psychol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2016 June 01.Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author ManuscriptKasari et al.Pagecoaching of the parent by a trained interventionist. A total of 20 sessions were completed delivering an equivalent amount of therapist contact as the PEI condition per week (one hour total of interventionist contact) to control for this variable. JASPER is an empirically-supported and manualized treatment for toddlers and preschoolers with a primary focus on sustaining periods of joint engagement and increasing joint attention gestures and play skills (Kaale, Smith, Sponheim, 2012; Kasari et al., 2006; Kasari et al, 2014; Kasari, Paparella, Freeman, Jahromi, 2008; Kasari et al., 2010; Kasari, Gulsrud, Freeman, Paparella, He.C Interview-Revised (ADI-R; Lord, Storoschuk, Rutter, Pickles, 1993) and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS; Lord, Rutter, DiLavore, Risi, 2001), had no significant physical disabilities, and parent and child were available for follow-up assessments (e.g., not international residents). A total of 86 parent-child dyads enrolled in the study. Children were on average 31.5 months. See Table 1 for participant characteristics. A random numbers list was used to randomize participants. Participants were randomized to one of two treatment conditions ASPER-Parent-mediated or Psychoeducational Intervention (PEI) ?in addition to the 30-hour early intervention program. Randomization and analyses were conducted by an independent data-coordinating center. Testing for the success of randomization showed that the two groups were matched on demographics (Table 1) except for age of entry, in which the JASPER group, with an average entry age of 31 months, was statistically significantly younger than the PEI group with an average entry age of 32 months. Three dyads discontinued treatment and another ten did not complete followup assessments. See Participant Flow Chart in Figure 1. Due to the intensity of the EI program, families discontinued outside early intervention services during the 10-week program. During the follow-up period all children continued early intervention services. A large percentage (76 ) maintained full time services (>=30 hrs per week). There was no significant difference in service utilization between the JASPER Group (73 ) and the PEI Group (79 , p=.56) during the follow-up period. Interventions Each intervention model involved one hour of interventionist contact per week. Psychoeducational Intervention (PEI; Brereton Tonge, 2005)–The aim of the PEI intervention is to provide individual education and support to parents of young children with autism. This intervention provided 1:1 interventionist meetings with the parents in informational sessions of 1 hour per week for 10 weeks. Sessions covered specific topics each week and parents were able to ask questions specific to their own child’s development directly with their therapist. The content of the manualized intervention included information on autism, details of specific behavioral impairments, principles of managing behavior, strategies for teaching new skills, improving social interaction and communication, service availability, managing parental stress, and sibling, family, and community responses to autism. JASPER Parent-mediated model–The JASPER model included the parent and his/her child for one hour per week for 10 weeks (2 sessions of 30 minutes per week) with activeJ Consult Clin Psychol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2016 June 01.Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author ManuscriptKasari et al.Pagecoaching of the parent by a trained interventionist. A total of 20 sessions were completed delivering an equivalent amount of therapist contact as the PEI condition per week (one hour total of interventionist contact) to control for this variable. JASPER is an empirically-supported and manualized treatment for toddlers and preschoolers with a primary focus on sustaining periods of joint engagement and increasing joint attention gestures and play skills (Kaale, Smith, Sponheim, 2012; Kasari et al., 2006; Kasari et al, 2014; Kasari, Paparella, Freeman, Jahromi, 2008; Kasari et al., 2010; Kasari, Gulsrud, Freeman, Paparella, He.