X metalloproteinase(s); MSI: Microsatellite instability; NGS: Next-generation sequencing; NK: Natural killer; NSCLC: Non-small cell lung cancer; PBMC: Peripheral blood mononuclear cell(s); PBS: Phosphate buffered saline; PROTEOMEX: Proteomics combined with SEREX; qPCR: Quantitative polymerase chain reaction; RCC: Renal cell carcinoma; SEREX: Serological identification of antigens by recombinant expression cloning; SERPA: Serological proteome analysis; SNP: Single nucleotide polymorphism(s); SOMAmer: Slow off-rate modified aptamer; SOP: Standard operating procedure(s); TAA: Tumor-associated antigen(s); TAM: Tumor-associated macrophage(s); TCM: Central memory T cell(s); TCR: T cell receptor; TDLN: Tumor draining lymph node(s); TIL: Tumor infiltrating lymphocyte(s); TME: Tumor microenvironment; Treg: Regulatory T cell(s); TSCM: Stem memory T cell(s); WG: Working group Acknowledgements The authors thank Chelsey Meier and Stefanie Haasken for helping to prepare the manuscript and Alissa Fiorentino for helping to organize the Immune Biomarkers Task Force, Working Group 3. Funding Not applicable. Availability of data and materials Not applicable. Authors’ contributions This PubMed ID:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28506461 manuscript represents a collaboration of the SITC Immune Biomarkers Task Force WG3 in which all authors contributed equally to the conception, writing, and review process. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.References 1. Butterfield LH. Cancer vaccines. BMJ. 2015;350:h988. 2. Yuan J, Adamow M, Ginsberg BA, Rasalan TS, Ritter E, Gallardo HF, et al. Integrated NY-ESO-1 antibody and CD8+ T-cell responses correlate with clinical benefit in advanced melanoma patients treated with ipilimumab. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011;108:16723?. 3. Ascierto PA, Kalos M, Schaer DA, Callahan MK, Wolchok JD. Biomarkers for immunostimulatory monoclonal antibodies in combination strategies for melanoma and other tumor types. Clin Cancer Res. 2013;19:1009?0. 4. Ku GY, Yuan J, Page DB, Schroeder SE, Panageas KS, Carvajal RD, et al. Single-institution experience with ipilimumab in advanced melanoma patients in the compassionate use setting: lymphocyte count after 2 doses Flavopiridol web correlates with survival. Cancer. 2010;116:1767?5. 5. Sarnaik AA, Yu B, Yu D, Morelli D, Hall M, Bogle D, et al. Extended dose ipilimumab with a peptide vaccine: immune correlates associated with clinical benefit in patients with resected high-risk stage IIIc/IV melanoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2011;17:896?06. 6. Murtaza M, Dawson SJ, Pogrebniak K, Rueda OM, Provenzano E, Grant J, et al. Multifocal clonal evolution characterized using circulating tumour DNA in a case of metastatic breast cancer. Nat Commun. 2015;6:8760. 7. Bedard PL, Hansen AR, Ratain MJ, Siu LL. Tumour heterogeneity in the clinic. Nature. 2013;501:355?4. 8. Kohrt HE, Nouri N, Nowels K, Johnson D, Holmes S, Lee PP. Profile of immune cells in axillary lymph nodes predicts disease-free survival in breast cancer. PLoS Med. 2005;2:e284. 9. Chang AY, Bhattacharya N, Mu J, Setiadi AF, Carcamo-Cavazos V, Lee GH, et al. Spatial organization of dendritic cells within tumor draining lymph nodes impacts clinical outcome in breast cancer patients. J Transl Med. 2013;11: 242.Stroncek et al. Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer (2017) 5:Page 19 of10. Maynard CL, Elson CO, Hatton RD, Weaver CT. Reciprocal interactions of the intestinal microbiota and immune system. Nature. 2012;489:231?1. 11. Belkaid Y, Hand TW. Role of the microbiota in immunity and inflammation. Cell.