Distinction amongst males and females. Participants described their parent’s marital status as 62 married, 7 single, 19 divorced, and 12 separated. When living at household, 78 of participants reported living with their mothers, 68 living with fathers, 13 living with grandparent(s), and 11 living with one more relative. A total of 72 self-identified as members of the Yup’ik Alaska Native cultural linguistic group, followed by Inupiat (21 ), Athabaskan (11 ), Aleut/Alutiq (six ), and Tlingit/Haida (4 ). Some individuals identified with two or extra ethnic categories. Measures Item pool Adult Self-Mastery: Pearlin et al. (1981) initially developed the Mastery scale as an adult measure of private sense of manage in overcoming life troubles. The scale consists of seven items rated on a four-point Likert-type scale, assessing the extent to which men and women perceive themselves as obtaining manage more than the circumstances that affect their lives. Representative products CCF642 web include “I can do just about anything I definitely set my mind to,” and “What takes place to me in the future largely is dependent upon me.” Internal consistency reported by Hobfoll, Jackson, et al. (2002) was = .72. Adult Communal Mastery: The Communal Mastery scale (Jackson, McKenzie, Hobfoll, 2000) can be a 10-item measure itself initially adapted in the Mastery Scale (Pearlin et al., 1981) and also the Self-Efficacy Scale (Schwarzer, 1993) to measure coping strategies from a much more collectivist orientation. Representative products consist of “Working with each other with household and mates I can solve numerous difficulties I’ve,” and “What occurs to me in the future is determined by my ability to work effectively with other individuals,” to which folks respond on a fourpoint Likert scale. Internal consistency for this scale was = .74 (Hobfoll, Jackson, et al., 2002). We adapted these mastery measures for youth. Validity measures Youth Community Support: The Youth Community Support scale is a three-item subscale adapted in the People’s Awakening Yup’ik Protective Components scale for adults (Allen et al., 2006). The Youth Neighborhood Assistance scale taps youth perceptions with regards to the presence and extent of assistance as a protective things available to young people in the community normally, outdoors of family and friendship. Representative items involve “People PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2105157 assistance me” and “People are available to me for assistance.”NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptPsychol Assess. Author manuscript; accessible in PMC 2013 June 01.Fok et al.PageReligious Involvement: Youth’s degree of involvement with formal religion was assessed through two items. On one particular item the youth rated the significance of church in their life as not at all, somewhat, or really critical, and on a second item, youth rated church attendance by way of one of 5 radio buttons, as less than after a year, 1? instances a year, 1? occasions a month, 3? times a month, or no less than as soon as a week. Alaska Native Cultural Identification: The Alaska Native Cultural Identification scale is definitely an eight-item scale adapted from the item set on the Orthogonal Cultural Identification scale (Oetting Beauvais, 1990?991), a system of assessment of bicultural identities amongst ethnic minority youth. The Alaska Native Cultural Identification scale makes use of two item stems, worded applying descriptors our focus group perform identified locally understandable: “How substantially you reside by or comply with the [Native/White American] way of life?” and “How significantly do you speak [Native language/English]?” Mainly because.