P positions listed within every chromosome and are detailed inside the supplementary table S, Supplementary Material on-line, in addition to their gene content material.Genome Biol.Evol..doi.gbeevvBadenhorst et al.GBEFIG.. Continued.Genome Biol.Evol..doi.gbeevvPainted Shikonin Autophagy Turtle Cytomap Informs Amniote EvolutionGBEFIG.. Continued.Table Partial Homology of Painted Turtle Chromosomes to These of Other ReptilesGene EPBL TOPB TAXBP RABA CTNNB KATB ARG WT COQ EIFB CTBP DMRT DCTN RUFY TPR RPE SPARC BRD ENO CPI VSA q Zp Zp, Wq Zp, Zcen, Wcen q q q q q q q X, Y q p Micro Micro Micro Micro Micro Micro q q q p X, Y , p p p p , , , , LRE EQU p PSI PVI SCR STR Reference qqNOTE.VSA, Varanus salvator macromaculatus; LRE, Leiolepsis reevesii rubritaeniata; EQU, Elaphe quadrivirgata; PSI, Pelodiscus sinensis; PVI, Pogona vitticeps; SCR, Siebenrockiella crassicollis; STR, Staurotypus triporcatus; cen, centromeric; Micro, microchromosome.References , Matsubara et al.; , Srikulnath et al.; , Young et al.; , Matsuda et al.; , Kawagoshi et al.; , Kawagoshi et al..Shaded cells denote a split region in turtle with respect to snakes.CPI map to VARANUS, LEIOLEPIS, and ELAPHE microchromosomes too (table).From the BACs that mapped successfully to a single place, seven contained genes or mapped to scaffolds containing genes inside the sex determination network of turtles and vertebrates (FgF, Dax, Sox, Dmrt, Fhl, Wt, and Rspo) (Valenzuela a; Badenhorst et al).The relative position of those genes revealed further chromosomal rearrangements among amniotes and regions of homology among CPI autosomes and sex chromosomes in other taxa.Namely, BACs containingFhl, FgF and Dax mapped to CPIq and to CHICKEN, whereas this gene block is split in human as they map to chromosome HUMAN (Chan et al), HUMAN (Mattei et al), and HUMANX (Zanaria et al), respectively.In addition, Sox mapped to CPIq whereas it’s positioned on PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21502231 the CHICKEN microchromosome (Kuroiwa et al) and on HUMAN (Foster et al).Gbanding (fig) and wholechromosomespecific painting utilizing Trachemys scripta (TRACHEMYS) probes indicate that CPI is orthologous to TRACHEMYS (Badenhorst D,Genome Biol.Evol..doi.gbeevvBadenhorst et al.GBEcrocodilians) (Matsuda et al.; Kasai et al).Certainly, rearrangements had been identified involving each these along with other macro and microchromosomes.Our results also assistance the notion that sexdetermining mechanisms have evolved independently multiple instances in birds, turtles, and squamates.Certainly, regions in seven different CPI chromosomes show homology to sex chromosomes of other turtles, birds, squamates, and human, supporting the idea that not a single but multiple chromosomes have been recruited as sex chromosomes in distinctive vertebrate lineages.We hope that this study, the very first of its type in turtles and TSD vertebrates, fosters additional investigation in to the fascinating evolution of vertebrate genomes.Montiel Jimenez EE, Stanyon R, FergusonSmith MA, O’Brien PCM, Valenzuela N, unpublished information), which in turn appears homologous to CHICKEN (Kasai et al) (i.e CPI TRACHEMYS CHICKEN).Consequently, our results recommend the transposition of Sox chromosomal place involving macrochromosomes in turtles (Sox CPI TRACHEMYS) and also a chicken microchromosome (Sox CHICKEN).Alternatively, Dmrt mapped to CPI (our study, fig.a), and it’s situated in Gekko hokouensis lizards GEKKOZ (Kawai et al), and in PELODISCUS that is homologous to CHICKENZ (Kawai et al).CHICKENZ in turn is homologous to Staurotypus triporcatus turtles STAURO.