Und localization, many kinds of devices have been applied for (simulated) CHL. The devices differ in microphone sort and position, transducer positions, and signal processing. These variations may possibly have an effect on the accuracy of sound localization. Denk et al. (2019) [37] investigated the impacts of the microphone’s place, the signal bandwidth, and unique equalization approaches, and showed that the microphone’s place was the governing factor for localization skills with linear hearing devices. Piceatannol web Concerning the connection in between adaptive DMs and localization in hearing aids, both the studies by Fesoterodine Technical Information Keidser et al. (2006) [38] and Van den Bogaert et al. (2006) [39] showed that independently operating adaptive DMs have an adverse effect on scores inside a laboratory experiment. For synchronized adaptive DMs, the outcomes are inconsistent. Namely,Audiol. Res. 2021,Keidser et al. (2006) [38] reported no benefit, while Ibrahim et al. (2013) [40] showed improvements for some stimuli. Johnson et al. (2017) [41] described that the difference amongst premium-feature hearing aids (i.e., with multi-channel adaptive DMs, pinna impact simulation, and an advanced synchronization function) and basic-feature hearing aids (i.e., with single-channel adaptive DMs along with a standard synchronization function) was not significant in self-reported daily sound localization. Caspers et al. (2021) [29] switched off adaptive DM and noise reduction within the setting of BCDs to avoid deterioration in localization functionality. Regarding the stimulation position of the bone-conducted sound, Stenfelt (2012) [42] reported that the median transcranial attenuation (TA) is 2 to 3 dB reduced than in the mastoid when measured in the BCHA position. Dobrev et al. (2016) [43] investigated the influence of stimulus position on BC hearing sensitivity having a BC transducer attached working with a headband. They concluded that stimulation on a position superior-anterior for the pinna provides more efficient BC transmission than stimulation around the mastoid. Furthermore, the make contact with situation from the actuator in the stimulation position impacts sound localization. Asakura et al. (2019) [44] reported that bone-conducted binaural sound localization overall performance could raise, depending on the get in touch with force and also the position of your actuator device. 2.two. Experimental Circumstances 2.2.1. Measurement Approaches When sound is presented by a loudspeaker in a sound field, two strategies can be primarily made use of to measure the capability of sound localization. One particular is to identify 1 loudspeaker’s direction from several loudspeakers arranged in a semicircular or circular way relative towards the participant. When several loudspeakers are arranged inside a circle (e.g., see No. 1 and No. two in Table 1 and No. four in Table 2), it really is straightforward to make front/back confusions, in that a stimulus in front of the participant is localized for the rear or vice versa [45]. The frequency of front/back confusions tends to boost because the bandwidth from the stimulus is decreased [46]. Front/back confusion is caused by the difficulty of localization working with the ITD plus the ILD within the experimental room, although moving one’s head or experience from the surrounding sound environment can assist to localize a sound source in daily life. The second strategy is to discriminate the minimum audible angle (MAA), which is defined as the smallest detectable difference between the azimuths of two identical sounds [47]. In this strategy, immediately soon after presenting the reference sound, the.